[89] After Octavius induced the senate to outlaw Cinna, Cinna suborned the army besieging Nola and induced the Italians again to rise up. Marius and his son, along with some others, escaped to Africa. 107/14 The dissolute lifestyle of L.Sulla, as a young man. Deciding whether a source is primary or secondary is sometimes confusing. As a result, "husbands were butchered in the arms of their wives, sons in the arms of their mothers. If Plutarch's text is to be amended to "Julia", then she is likely to have been one of the Julias related to Julius Caesar, most likely. [47], Sulla's campaign in Cappadocia had led him to the banks of the Euphrates, where he was approached by an embassy from the Parthian Empire. He became a tribune of the plebeians in 52 BC where he gained a reputation for being a strong supporter of the populares. According only to Appian, he then brought legislation to strengthen the Senate's position in the state and weaken the plebeian tribunes by eliminating the comitia tributa as a legislative body and requiring that tribunes first receive senatorial approval for legislation;[80] some scholars, however, reject Appian's account as mere retrojection of legislation passed during Sulla's dictatorship. Throughout the research process, you'll likely use various types of sources. "[158], His excesses and penchant for debauchery could be attributed to the difficult circumstances of his youth, such as losing his father while he was still in his teens and retaining a doting stepmother, necessitating an independent streak from an early age. With Mithridates' armies in Europe almost entirely destroyed, Archelaus and Sulla negotiated a set of relatively cordial peace terms which were then forwarded to Mithridates. [55] The Cimbric war also revived Italian solidarity, aided by Roman extension of corruption laws to allow allies to lodge extortion claims. Primary sources are documents, images, relics, or other works that provide firsthand details of a historical or scientific event. For instance, Da Vinci's Mona Lisa is a primary source because it is the most famous art piece during the Renaissance period. Also useful for understanding Sulla's career are the article by E. Baddian . [50][51], In 94BC, Sulla repulsed the forces of Tigranes the Great of Armenia from Cappadocia. 719-549-2333. Helping or sheltering a proscribed person was punishable by death, while killing a proscribed person was rewarded with two talents. From this distance, Sulla remained out of the day-to-day political activities in Rome, intervening only a few times when his policies were involved (e.g. 1011 accepts these inheritances without much comment and places them around Sulla's turning thirty years of age. An inscription on a sixteenth-century tombstone in Istanbul would be a primary source from the Classical Ottoman Age. Wikipedia entry. He never allowed his debaucheries to interfere with his duties but he devoted all his leisure time to them. You can use the following terms to search HOLLIS for primary sources:. aking of America (MoA) is a digital library of primary sources in American social history from the antebellum period through reconstruction. [citation needed], Sulla became embroiled in a political fight against one of the plebeian tribunes, Publius Sulpicius Rufus, on the matter of how the new Italian citizens were to be distributed into the Roman tribes for purposes of voting. The collection is particularly strong in the subject areas of education, psychology, American history, sociology, religion, and science and technology. On each line there is a link to the page where the name can be found. Mithridates was to give Asia and Paphlagonia back to Rome. [32] After the Senate approved negotiations with Bocchus, it delegated the talks to Marius, who appointed Sulla as envoy plenipotentiary. [70][71] They were designed to regulate Rome's finances, which were in a very sorry state after all the years of continual warfare. "[156], He was said to have a duality between being charming, easily approachable, and able to joke and cavort with the most simple of people, while also assuming a stern demeanor when he was leading armies and as dictator. His execution in AD 62 on the orders of emperor Nero made him the last of the Cornelii Sullae. At the start of his second consulship in 80BC with Metellus Pius, Sulla resigned his dictatorship. Primary sources are first-hand accounts of events. Newspaper reports, by reporters who witnessed an event or who quote people who did. The two armies then crossed the Po and attacked the Cimbri. He then revived the office of dictator, which had been inactive since the Second Punic War, over a century before. Encyclopedias. While Sulla's laws such as those concerning qualification for admittance to the Senate, reform of the legal system and regulations of governorships remained on Rome's statutes long into the principate, much of his legislation was repealed less than a decade after his death. Essentially, they're sources about primary sources. [124] The purge did little to strengthen resolve and when Sulla arrived at Rome, the city opened its gates and his opponents fled. Research Process and Acumen: Experience with primary sources can support future academic success. For other uses, see, Portrait of Sulla on a denarius minted in 54 BC by his grandson, They were designed to regulate Rome's finances, which were in a very sorry state after all the years of continual warfare. 133/18 Scipio praises C.Marius. Encyclopaedia Romana - Has essays on several aspects of ancient Rome. [69], Sulla started his consulship by passing two laws. [41] After the failure of negotiations, the Romans and Cimbri engaged in the Battle of the Raudian Field in which the Cimbri were routed and destroyed. [155] Plutarch notes that Sulla considered that "his golden head of hair gave him a singular appearance. Revised on November 11, 2022. Historians to Sulla's dictatorship such as Livy (From the Founding of the City) and Appian (Roman History, especially the section regarding the Civil Wars) include additional details of Marius' life during the Social War while other sources list brief statements of note. [35], In 104BC, the Cimbri and the Teutones, two Germanic tribes who had bested the Roman legions on several occasions, seemed to again be heading for Italy. He won the first large-scale civil war in Roman history and became the first man of the Republic to seize power through force. [117] Sulla attempted to open negotiations with Norbanus, who was at Capua, but Norbanus refused to treat and withdrew to Praeneste as Sulla advanced. These marriages helped build political alliances with the influential Caecilii Metelli and the Pompeys. The Samnite and anti-Sullan commanders were then hunted down as "for all intents and purposes the civil war in Italy was over". Archives; Correspondence Normally, candidates had to have first served for ten years in the military, but by Sulla's time, this had been superseded by an age requirement. Fimbria then committed suicide after a failed attempt on Sulla's life. Late in the year, Sulla cooperated with Marius (who was a legate in the northern theatre) in the northern part of southern Italy to defeat the Marsi: Marius defeated the Marsi, sending them headlong into Sulla's waiting forces. As such, he sought to strengthen the aristocracy, and thus the Senate. Contact: Research Help Desk, University Library Colorado State University-Pueblo 2200 Bonforte Blvd. Hind 1992, p.150 dismisses claims in Plutarch and Vellius Paterclus of Athens being forced to cooperate with Mithridates as "very hollow" and "apologia". These sieges lasted until spring of 86BC. sulla primary sources. At the meeting, he took the seat between the Parthian ambassador, Orobazus, and Ariobarzanes, seeking to gain psychological advantage over the Partian envoy by portraying the Parthians and the Cappadocians as equals with Rome as superior. [60], The next year, 89BC, Sulla served as legate under the consul Lucius Porcius Cato. Primary sources are contrasted with secondary sources, works that provide analysis, commentary, or criticism on the primary source. Through Sulla's reforms to the Plebeian Council, tribunes lost the power to initiate legislation. Marius, an Italian by birth rather than a pure Roman, was a relative newcomer to the Roman elite, and he was considered an outsider by the Senate fathers. A list of useful online sources for reading about Rome at the time of Sulla Bill Thayer's LacusCurtius - Includes maps of the Roman world, texts of several primary sources, and William Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. Sulla's descendants continued to be prominent in Roman politics into the imperial period. Secondary Sources: Primary sources are not complete; you will find the following helpful: Boardman, John, ed. A gifted and innovative general, he achieved numerous successes in wars against foreign and domestic opponents. [87], Sulla's ability to use military force against his own countrymen was "in many ways a continuation of the Social War a civil war between former allies and friends developed into a civil war between citizens what was eroded in the process was the fundamental distinction between Romans and foreign enemies". Examples of tertiary sources include encyclopedias and dictionaries, chronologies, almanacs, directories, indexes, and bibliographies. This unusual appointment (used hitherto only in times of extreme danger to the city, such as during the Second Punic War, and then only for 6-month periods) represented an exception to Rome's policy of not giving total power to a single individual. Or he could attempt to reverse it and regain his command. The proceeds from auctioned property more than made up for the cost of rewarding those who killed the proscribed, filling the treasury. [141][140][142][143][144] Accounts were also written that he had an infestation of worms, caused by the ulcers, which led to his death. Here are the names and relevant periods for some of the main ancient Latin and Greek sources for Roman history. To make primary texts readily available for classroom use, they selected important . [100], In the summer of 86BC, two major battles were fought in Boeotia. 106/10 The quaestor L.Sulla arrives at Marius' camp with reinforcements from The Battle of Sacriportus occurred between the forces of Young Marius and the battle-hardened legions of Sulla. Lucius Cornelius Sulla I. In art, literature, and cultural studies, primary sources . He was a leader of the optimates, which sought to maintain senatorial supremacy against the populist reforms advocated by the populares, headed by Marius. Marius arranged for Sulla to lift the iustitium and allow Sulpicius to bring proposals; Sulla, in a "desperately weak position [received] little in return[,] perhaps no more than a promise that Sulla's life would be safe". Primary sources can include: Texts of laws and other original documents. [74], During the violence, Sulla was forced to shelter in Marius' nearby house (later denied in his memoirs). [129], Sulla had his stepdaughter Aemilia (daughter of princeps senatus Marcus Aemilius Scaurus) married to Pompey, although she shortly died in childbirth. Marius (C. Marius) - Roman consul, seven times from 107 B.C. [92] In the summer of 88, he reorganised the administration of the area before unsuccessfully besieging Rhodes. Primary Sources are immediate, first-hand accounts of a topic, from people who had a direct connection with it. He was saved through the efforts of his relatives, many of whom were Sulla's supporters, but Sulla noted in his memoirs that he regretted sparing Caesar's life, because of the young man's notorious ambition. Moreover, the people knew that Sulla was friends with Bocchus, a rich foreign monarch, and rejected his standing for the praetorship to induce him to spend money on games. Sulla had total control of the city and Republic of Rome, except for Hispania (which Marius' general Quintus Sertorius had established as an independent state). Regardless, if he had immediate plans for a consulship, they were forced into the background at the outbreak of war. As Sulla viewed the office, the tribunate was especially dangerous, and his intention was to not only deprive the Tribunate of power, but also of prestige (Sulla himself had been officially deprived of his eastern command through the underhanded activities of a tribune). Sulla then duly besieged the city. Social: Facebook Page YouTube Page Instagram Page. Sulla was born in a very turbulent era of Rome's history, which has often been described as the beginning of the fall of the Roman Republic.The political climate was marked by civil discord and rampant political violence where voting in the Assembly was . [58] At the start of the war, there were largely two theatres: a northern theatre from Picenum to the Fucine Lake and a southern theatre including Samnium. If Sulla had married one of the Julii Caesares, this could explain Marius' willingness to entrust such an important task to a young man with no military experience, as Marius too had married into that family. To further solidify the prestige and authority of the Senate, Sulla transferred the control of the courts from the equites, who had held control since the Gracchi reforms, to the senators. Pueblo, CO 81001. Capturing the city, Sulla had it destroyed. [93] News of these conquests reached Rome in the autumn of 89BC, leading the Senate and people to declare war; actual preparations for war were, however, delayed: after Sulla was given the command, it took him some eighteen months to organise five legions before setting off; Rome was also severely strained financially. He married again, with a woman called Aelia, of which nothing is known other than her name. Rome at the End of the Punic Wars [History, Book 6] [At this Site] Acts of the Divine Augustus (Res Gestae Divi Augusti) [At MIT] The Life of Gnaeus Julius Agricola (40-93 CE), [At UNRV History] Life of Cnaeus Julius Agricola (40-93 CE), c.98 CE trans. Sulla then settled affairs "reparations, rewards, administrative and financial arrangements for the future" in Asia, staying there until 84BC. The source types commonly used in academic writing include: Academic journals. In an harangue to the people, he said, with reference to these measures, that he had proscribed all he could think of, and as to those who now escaped his memory, he would proscribe them at some future time. While besieging Pompeii, an Italian relief force came under Lucius Cluentius, which Sulla defeated and forced into flight towards Nola. The Acropolis was then besieged. These sources have not been modified by interpretation and offer original thought or new information. Gaius Sallustius Crispus (Sallust) was born Amiternum in the country of the Sabines in 86 BC. He could acknowledge the law as valid. Secondary sources are a step removed from primary sources. . [81.3] Magnesia, the only city in Asia that remained loyal, was defended against Mithridates with the greatest courage. Sulla's military coup was enabled by Marius's military reforms, that bound the army's loyalty with the general rather than to the Roman Republic, and permanently destabilized the Roman power structure. [76] Without troops defending Rome itself, Sulla entered the city; once there, however, his men were pelted with stones from the rooftops by common people. [79], Sulla then had Sulpicius' legislation invalidated on the grounds that they had been passed by force. [118], For 82BC, the consular elections returned Gnaeus Papirius Carbo, in his third consulship, with the younger Gaius Marius, the son of the seven-time consul, who was then twenty-six. He brought Pompeii under siege. Sulla raised important cavalry forces for Marius and was responsible for the . The second was Lucius Cornelius Sulla, who died young. Threatened by the Pontic navy, Sulla sent his quaestor Lucullus to scrounge about for allied naval forces. Ariobarzanes had been driven out by Mithridates VI of Pontus, who wanted to install one of his own sons (Ariarathes) on the Cappadocian throne. Secondary sources are interpretations of history. To do so would mean total humiliation at the hands of his opponents, the end of his political career, and perhaps even further danger to his life. He was awarded the Grass Crown for his bravery at the Battle of Nola. [81] He sent his army back to Capua[82] and then conducted the elections for that year, which yielded a resounding rejection of him and his allies. His third wife was Cloelia, whom Sulla divorced due to sterility. It is intended to serve the needs of teachers and students in college survey courses in modern European history and American history, as well as in modern Western Civilization and World Cultures. Cicero comments that Pompey once said, "If Sulla could, why can't I? In a dispute over the command of the war against Mithridates, initially awarded to Sulla by the Senate, but withdrawn as a result of Marius' intrigues, Sulla marched on Rome in an unprecedented act and defeated Marian forces in battle. [75], Speaking to the men, Sulla complained to them of the outrageous behaviour of Marius and Sulpicius. The interest rates were also to be agreed between both parties at the time that the loan was made, and should stand for the whole term of the debt, without further increase. 9, The Last Age of the Roman Republic, 146-43 BC. The Roman general and dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla (138-78 B.C.) There is no single tool that will find everything at UCR, but a good start is to reach . Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (/ s l /; 138-78 BC), commonly known as Sulla, was a Roman general and statesman.He won the first large-scale civil war in Roman history and became the first man of the Republic to seize power through force.. Sulla had the distinction of holding the office of consul twice, as well as reviving the dictatorship.A gifted and innovative general, he achieved . Primary sources are "first-hand" information, sources as close as possible to the origin of the information or idea under study. No action was taken against the troops nor action taken to relieve Pompey Strabo of command. [107], In the aftermath of the battle, Sulla was approached by Archelaus for terms. [11], Sulla, the son of Lucius Cornelius Sulla and the grandson of Publius Cornelius Sulla,[12] was born into a branch of the patrician gens Cornelia, but his family had fallen to an impoverished condition at the time of his birth. His family was patrician, part of the ruling class in ancient Rome. Pompey, the son of Pompey Strabo, raised a legion from his clients in Picenum and also joined Sulla; Sulla treated him with great respect and addressed him as imperator before dispatching him to raise more troops. The Cambridge Ancient History, vol. Killing Cluentius before the city's walls, Sulla then invested the town and for his efforts was awarded a grass crown, the highest Roman military honour. Guide to primary sources; Ask for help; CSU Pueblo University Library Email Me. [90] By the end of 87BC, Cinna and Marius had besieged Rome and taken the city, killed consul Gnaeus Octavius, massacred their political enemies, and declared Sulla an outlaw; they then had themselves elected consuls for 86BC. In, Constitutional reforms of Lucius Cornelius Sulla, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Rubicon: The Last Years of the Roman Republic, L. Cornelius (392) L. f. P. n. Sulla Felix ('Epaphroditus'), Digital Prosopography of the Roman Republic, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sulla&oldid=1142439185. Biography Roman military commander and dictator of the Roman republic (81-80 BC). Making of America. By. Secondary sources include: Essays analyzing novels, works of art, and other original creations. [43] Refusing to stand for an aedileship (which, due to its involvement in hosting public games, was extremely expensive), Sulla became a candidate for the praetorship in 99BC. [56] When the pro-Italian plebeian tribune Marcus Livius Drusus was assassinated in 91BC while trying again to pass a bill extending Roman citizenship, the Italians revolted. Sulla marched to Praeneste and forced its siege to a close, with the younger Marius dead from suicide before its surrender. Continuing towards Scipio's position at Teanum Sidicinum, Sulla negotiated and was almost able to convince Scipio to defect. [123], After the younger Marius' defeat, Sulla had the Samnite war captives massacred, which triggered an uprising in his rear. Life dates 138 BC-78 BC. Tweet. Sulla, in southern Italy, operated largely defensively on Lucius Julius Caesar's flank while the consul conducted offensive campaigning. The law was vetoed by one of the tribunes, but when Quintus Pompeius Rufus went to Pompey Strabo's army to take command under the Senate's authority, he was promptly assassinated after his arrival and assumption of command, almost certainly on Strabo's orders. Even those whom Sulla had quarrelled with (including Publius Cornelius Cethegus, whom Sulla had outlawed in 88 BC) defected to join his side. Historians and other scholars classify sources as primary or secondary. Se l'azienda ha pi di 200 dipendenti, deve essere presente anche il rappresentante sindacale aziendale (RSA). [26] Sulla was assigned by lot to his staff. Secondary sources, on the other hand, are made . [122] Marius, buttressed by Samnite support, fought a long and hard battle with Sulla at Sacriportus that resulted in defeat when five of his cohorts defected. And for his consular colleague, he attempted to transfer to him the command of Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo's army. The two greatest of these were Gaius Marius and Lucius Cornelius Sulla. [34] The publicity attracted by this feat boosted Sulla's political career. Family members of the proscribed were not excluded from punishment, and slaves were not excluded from rewards. He then sailed for Italy at the head of 1,200 ships. [67], Sulla's election to the consulship, successful likely due to his military success in 89BC, was not uncontested. 134/4 C.Marius spends his early life in the countryside near Arpinum. After one of the other legates was killed by his men, Sulla refused to discipline them except by issuing a proclamation imploring them to show more courage against the enemy. Each actor's story is unique and each brings something important to the ensemble. But it was from 59, Nero's fifth year as emperor that things started to go seriously . After some days, both sides engaged in battle. Identifying and locating primary sources can be challenging. The type of source you look for will depend on the stage you are at in the writing process. Reason #4: studying primary sources helps students become better citizens. Tools for primary source analysis. However, his candidature was dealt a blow when he was brought up on charges of extorting Ariobarzanes. They are the most direct evidence of a time or event because they were created by people or things that were there at the time or event. For now, Cinna and the Marian political faction would have to wait, but revenge would prove far deadlier than anything that had come before it. [126] Sulla's specific movements are very vaguely described in Appian, but he was successful in preventing the Italians from relieving Praeneste or joining with Carbo. Sulla had officially been declared an outlaw and in the eyes of the Cinnan regime, Flaccus was to take command of an army without a legal commander. This distinction is important because it will affect how you understand these sources. Editor: Paul Halsall. National Library Services to Schools has developed a suite of primary source analysis tools specifically for Aotearoa New Zealand schools. [57], The same year, Bocchus paid for the erection of a statue depicting Sulla's capture of Jugurtha. [40], In 102BC, the invaders returned and moved to force the Alps. Of those who contracted the bubonic plague, 4 out of 5 died within eight days. They are different from secondary sources, accounts that retell, analyze, or interpret events, usually at a distance of time or place." Library of Congress Teacher's Page. Marius, in the midst of this military crisis, sought and won repeated consulships, which upset aristocrats in the Senate; they, however, likely acknowledged the indispensability of Marius' military capabilities in defeating the Germanic invaders. Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix[8] (/sl/; 13878 BC), commonly known as Sulla, was a Roman general and statesman. Categories . [131] The purge went on for several months. Marius, elected again to the consulship of 101, came to Catulus' aid; Sulla, in charge of supporting army provisioning, did so competently and was able to feed both armies. Also, Faustus Cornelius Sulla, Nero's cousin, was exiled as a potential rival in 58. After massacring a number of Italian traders who supported one of his rivals, indignation erupted as to Jugurtha's use of bribery to secure a favourable peace treaty; called to Rome to testify on bribery charges, he successfully plotted the assassination of one another royal claimant before returning home. [136] Sulla's reforms both looked to the past (often repassing former laws) and regulated for the future, particularly in his redefinition of maiestas (treason) laws and in his reform of the Senate. In this first video of a 2-part tutorial, we will discuss primary sources. [66] Buttressed by success against Rome's traditional enemies, the Samnites, and general Roman victory across Italy, Sulla stood for and was elected easily to the consulship of 88BC; his colleague would be Quintus Pompeius Rufus. [152], Sulla was red-blond[154] and blue-eyed, and had a dead-white face covered with red marks. Possibly to protect himself from future political retribution, Sulla had the sons and grandsons of the proscribed banned from running for political office, a restriction not removed for over 30 years. "[148][149] Sulla's example proved that it could be done, therefore inspiring others to attempt it; in this respect, he has been seen as another step in the Republic's fall. Sulla then increased the number of magistrates elected in any given year, and required that all newly elected quaestores gain automatic membership in the Senate. With Sulpicius able to enact legislation without consular opposition, Sulla discovered that Marius had tricked him, for the first piece of legislation Sulpicius brought was a law transferring the command against Mithridates to Marius. Understanding Context: Awareness of the interconnection of events from the past, present and future. [78], When the march on Rome started, the Senate and people were appalled. They had, however, fallen on hard times. Copyright statement. Sulla can be seen as setting the precedent for Julius Caesar's dictatorship, and for the eventual end of the Republic under Augustus. He was both eloquent and clever, and he made friends easily. Primary sources in history are often created by people who witnessed, participated in, or were otherwise close to a particular event. Sulla and Pompeius Rufus opposed the bill, which Sulpicius took as a betrayal; Sulpicius, without the support of the consuls, looked elsewhere for political allies. Sulla then prohibited ex-tribunes from ever holding any other office, so ambitious individuals would no longer seek election to the tribunate, since such an election would end their political career. [114], The general feeling in Italy, however, was decidedly anti-Sullan; many people feared Sulla's wrath and still held memories of his extremely unpopular occupation of Rome during his consulship. [73] The consuls, fearful of intimidation of Sulpicius and his armed bodyguards, declared a suspension of public business (iustitium) which led to Sulpicius and his mob forcing the consuls to flee.